Topic: Organic Chemistry

Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups using a single covalent bond. In literature, they are identified with the suffix "-ether". For example, dimethyl ether or ethyl isopropyl ether.

Aldehydes are a class of organic compounds that contain a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and a double-bonded oxygen atom. The chemical formula for aldehydes is R—CHO, where R represents a carbon chain or substituent grou

Carboxylic acids are organic acids with the carboxyl group (–COOH). They are represented by the following chemical formula: R–COOH. Here R can be alkyl (e.g., –CH3), alkenyl (e.g., –CH2=CH2), or aryl (e.g., –C6H5).

In the early 1900s, Gilbert N. Lewis, one of the well-known American chemists, introduced the concept of Lewis acids and bases. Today, his theory has led us to a better understanding of what acids and bases are and has been able to get explanations for many chemical reactions, which remained unclear.

Different orbitals make different types of overlap in different situations. And based on a type of overlap, we classify them as a sigma or pi bond.

Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals, which are suitable for chemical bonding. The total number of atomic orbitals before mixing always equals the number of newly formed hybrid orbitals. In methane, four atomic orbitals (one 2s and three 2p) mix to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals—we will explain this in detail later on.

Chemistry is the subject of different elements of the Mendeleev’s periodic table, reactions and mechanisms, physical and chemical properties and finally the application of these elements. There are 118 elements reported in nature and only one element, which is carbon [Atomic no 6, symbol C] is founder of organic chemistry discipline.

A compound comprises two or more than elements, and the chemistry formula reveals the number of atoms present in each component. The chemical formula contains symbols of the element’s atoms in the compound. It also reflects the number of atoms present in each element.